![]() Alternatively, molecular self-assembly takes advantage of the organization of amphiphilic peptides, a chemical compound possessing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, into nanosize scale fibrous scaffolds possessing a fiber diameter as small as 10 nm. Furthermore, the rather low pores size of scaffolds produced by means of electrospinning do not allow proper infiltration and migration of cells in the interior of the porous structure. In particular, although considered as a 3D substrate for cell cultivation, electrospun fibers usually promote the assembly of thin tissues on their surface. Despite the wide use of this technique for scaffolds fabrication, there are some important challenges to be addressed. Under the application of high-voltage electric fields, electrospinning allows selectively controlling the fiber distribution and alignment by properly setting process conditions (i.e., spinning speed and polymer concentration) to fit the needs of various engineered tissues. In this context, phase separation, electrospinning, and molecular self-assembly are three different technological approaches that have been developed for fabricating scaffolds composed of interwoven nanoscale fibers of lower size. To design porous scaffolds for tissue engineering, one of the most important aspects certainly is the achievement of a porous structure with pores both large enough and sufficiently interconnected to promote cell adhesion and colonization in the 3D space. Ambrosio, in Peptides and Proteins as Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, 2018 8.2.3 Phase separation Recently, regeneration studies of muscle tissues have also been carried out using by injectable hydrogels based on sol-gel transition by external stimuli such as temperature and pH. ![]() Sponge and hydrogel-type scaffolds have been used for the tissue regeneration study of skeletal, cardiac, and vascular smooth muscles. Nanofiber sheet-typed scaffolds are particularly favorable to form artificial muscles like myofiber-aligned muscle tissues because they have an advantage of induction of the cellular orientation by alignment of nanofibers only in the sheet. Film and nanofiber sheet-type scaffolds are used for the regeneration study of vascular smooth muscle or cardiac muscle tissues as a polymeric sheet of 2D plane form. Many types of scaffolds such as films, nanofiber sheets, sponges, hydrogels, and composites were fabricated for muscle tissue engineering, and an optimal cellular environment for muscle cells’ attachment and proliferation is provided in the scaffolds by assigning essential components required for the muscle tissue regeneration. Polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering play a role of framework to maintain the 3D tissue formation. Gilson Khang, in Tissue Engineering, 2022 Scaffold types The silk scaffolds alone produced a fibrous tissue but, when seeded with adipogenic differentiated cells, maintained their adipogenic state with lipid-laden cells observed over time.ĭae Hoon Lee. In adipose tissue engineering, it has been applied as a scaffold for adipogenic differentiation of stem cells and subsequently implanted in rodent models. Silk is another naturally derived scaffold that is fibrous in nature and has high mechanical strength. So far, researchers have used it in combination with HA to form an injectable hydrogel or with PLGA to form a porous scaffold for adipose tissue engineering. Similar to alginate, chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that is isolated from chitin. To render alginate susceptible to degradation, an oxidized form of alginate was also investigated as well as combined collagen alginate microspheres to better mimic the native extracellular matrix environment. ![]() Adipogenic differentiated stem cells were encapsulated in alginate and implanted subcutaneously. ![]() Alginate is a natural polysaccharide derived from seaweed. Some examples of naturally derived biomaterials are alginate, silk, and chitosan. Scaffolds for tissue engineering can also be derived from natural sources and generally have high biocompatibility. ![]() Iwen Wu, Jennifer Elisseeff, in Natural and Synthetic Biomedical Polymers, 2014 14.2.2 Naturally Derived Scaffolds ![]()
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